Art
In the Middle Ages, many artists created religious artwork that was displayed in churches and cathedrals. Advances in engineering allowed Gothic churches to be built. These churches were much larger and brighter than earlier churches. Gothic churches also had large stained glass windows that showed religious scenes. Cathedrals were decorated with gargoyles and statues of saints, kings and other religious figures on the outside. Inside, they were adorned with elaborate murals as well as candleholders, crosses and statues that were made with gold and precious stones. Illuminated manuscripts brought religious texts to life with pictures and intricate decorations. Artists also made tapestries that depicted daily life, history or fantasy. They were hung in castles to prevent drafts. |
Literature
In the Middle Ages, many religious texts were written, including songs and poems. One of the most famous of the medieval poets was Hildegard of Bingen. Authors also wrote epics and romances. Epic poems told the tales of wars and their heroes. Romances told of true love and chivalry. Troubadours wandered from court to court and performed epics and romances to entertain crowds. Two important writings from the Middle Ages are The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer and The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri. They increased the use of the English language and the Italian language, respectively. |
Ideas
Some people in the Middle Ages practiced alchemy, an early form of chemistry, and learned many things about chemical reactions. European universities increased the teaching of a wide variety of Greek subjects, creating a new educated class. One of the greatest scholars was Thomas Aquinas. He introduced a philosophical approach to life called Scholasticism, which showed the importance of exhibiting logic and reason while still believing in Christian teachings. |